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Moses’ Last Lecture

The Mystery of the Eight Final Verses of Torah

    Rabbi YY Jacobson

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  • October 8, 2020
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  • 20 Tishrei 5781

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Class Summary:

It is a fundamental and fascinating question. Who wrote the final right verses of the Torah, the ones we will read on Simchas Torah? Our tradition maintains that Moses wrote the Torah. But its last verses describe his death and burial?!


The Talmud asks the question: How can a living Moses write the words “and Moses died there”? Rabbi Yehudah or Rabbi Nechemya say, that the last eight verses, written after Moses’ death, were written by his disciple and successor, Joshua. Rabbi Shimon disagreed. The entire Torah was written by Moses, as the Torah itself makes clear. “What happened was that up to this point G-d dictated and Moses repeated each word and wrote it down; from this point and on, the final 8 verses, God dictated, and Moses wrote with tears." According to this haunting interpretation, ever the teacher and ever the leader, Moses performed one last heartbreaking mission before his death. He recorded his own end.

But how does this answer the question? If Moses was alive, how can he write the words “and Moses died?”

One of the most moving interpretations comes from the Yad Rameh, the Ritva and the Maharsha. The Talmud does not mean that Moses wrote these verses while he was crying; it means that he wrote them with tears, instead of ink. The entire Torah was written with ink on parchment; the final eight verses were transcribed not with ink, but with tears, with Moses’ tears. 

The essay explores three different explanations, from the Maharsha, the Maharal of Prague, and the Baal Shem Tov and Vilna Gaon, and the lessons to each of us as we write our own chapters in the scroll of Jewish history, and we we recall the final chapters of our loved ones, during Yizkor.

Dedicated by Sammy and Laurie Friedland, in loving memory of Rivka bas Binyamin Mendel and Chaim Meir ben Shlomo Zalman Friedland

The Eulogy

Sol calls the Rabbi. “Rabbi, I am preparing for the end. I am searching for the right rabbi to officiate at my funeral and give the eulogy. So I am shopping around for the right one. It all depends, of course, on the price.”

Sol was wealthy, but stingy, and a tough guy.

“Rabbi, how much would you charge to do my eulogy?”

The Rabbi responds: “Depends on what you want. If you want a super-deluxe package, it costs $10,000. For that, you get a beautiful eulogy, during which I cry.

“For $5000 you can get a deluxe package. I give a beautiful eulogy, I say beautiful things about you, but no tears.”

“Rabbi! That’s too expensive. What can I get for 500 bucks?”

“For 500 dollars,” says the rabbi, “I will say the truth.”

The Final Verses

It is a fascinating question. Who wrote the final eight verses of the Torah (which we read on Simchas Torah)? Our tradition maintains that Moses wrote the Torah. But its last verses describe his death and burial?!

Deuteronomy Chapter 34, verses 5-12, describe the afterlife of Moses.

And Moses, the servant of the Lord, died there, in the land of Moab, by the mouth of G-d. And He buried him in the valley, in the land of Moab opposite Beth Pe'or. And no person knows the place of his burial, unto this day. Moses was one hundred and twenty years old when he died. His eye had not dimmed, nor had he lost his [natural] freshness…. And there was no other prophet who arose in Israel like Moses, whom G-d knew face to face, as manifested by all the signs and wonders, which G-d had sent him to perform in the land of Egypt, to Pharaoh and all his servants, and to all his land, and all the strong hand, and all the great awe, which Moses performed before the eyes of all Israel.

How, asks the Talmud, can a living Moses write the words “and Moses died there”?[1]

Rabbi Yehudah or Rabbi Nechemya say, that the last eight verses, written after Moses’ death, were written by his disciple and successor, Joshua.

Rabbi Shimon disagreed. The entire Torah was written by Moses, as G-d tells Moses “take this Torah Scroll and place it in the Ark.” “What happened was that up to this point G-d dictated and Moses repeated each word and wrote it down; from this point and on (the final 8 verses of Torah), G-d dictated, and Moses wrote with tears."

It is a haunting interpretation: ever the teacher and ever the leader, Moses performed one last heartbreaking mission before his death: He recorded his own end.

With Tears, Not Ink

But how does Rabbi Shimon answer the question? If Moses was alive, how can he write the untrue words “and Moses died?”

One of the most moving interpretations comes from the great Talmudic commentators, the Yad Rameh, the Ritva, and the Maharsha.[2] The Talmud does not mean that Moses wrote these verses while he was crying; it means that he wrote them with tears, instead of ink.

The entire Torah was written with ink on parchment; the final eight verses of the Torah—those that tell the story of Moses’ passing—were transcribed not with ink, but with tears; with Moses’ tears.

Invisible Ink

This is how the Maharsha explains how Moses could write these words when they did not yet happen. This sort of writing, with tears, is not permanent,[3] its more ethereal, so it could be written even before his actual passing.[4] Moshe's tears functioned as a kind of "invisible ink." They made an imprint on the Torah, but they would need to be revealed and reinforced with ink over time. The two answers in the Talmud are not arguing. Both are true. Moses wrote the verses in tears, and Joshua completed the task. After Moses' death, Joshua filled in the tears with ink, completing the Torah Scroll.

The famed Maharal of Prague gives a different explanation of why the Talmud emphasizes that Moses wrote these words in tears.[5] Moshe's crying marked the beginning of the mourning for his death, so the words he wrote were not false.

Yet the difficulty still exists. Even if Moses wrote these words not with ink but with tears, how can a living person write these words truthfully, “and Moses died,” when it did not happen yet? Even according to the Maharal’s insight, weeping for one’s death is not yet death?

A Tale of Two Torahs

It was the Baal Shem Tov[6] (Interestingly, the same idea is shared by the Vilna Gaon[7]) who offered a different interpretation of these Talmudic words.

The original Hebrew word the Talmud uses for tears, "דמע", can also be translated as a mixture. In the Mishnah and the Talmud, we often have a term “meduma,” which means mixed up.[8] Moses wrote a jumble of letters, not yet intelligible. The final verses were dictated to Moshe as scrambled letters and were thus indecipherable. It was only after his death that Joshua had the letters fall into their rightful place.[9]

What this means is this: The Torah contains two dimensions: one revealed, and one esoteric. The revealed Torah is the one we have before us today, which we read, learn, and reflect upon. But the very same text of Torah also possesses a different format, in which all the letters are connected, with no word or line breaks. (heresanexampleofthatsortofwriting). Nachamanides writes in his introduction to his commentary on Torah, that the entire Torah can be read as a series of Divine names![10]

According to this reading of Torah, the very text we have today can be read in many different ways, as it is not defined by the word break we know today. Endless different stories, messages, ideas, truths, predictions, and insights can be gleaned from the Torah, as the words are configured in so many different possible ways, and in infinitely diverse methods. A word consisting of five letters can make up 120 diverse words! Six letters can be configured in 720 ways; 8 letters in 5040 ways.

In how many ways you can read 304,805 letters (the number of letters in the Torah?) in numbers we cannot fathom.

The Bible Codes which have become popular in the last few decades, employ this method. The Bible codes will point to the events of 9-11, or the Holocaust, or the Black Death, or the fall of Communism, or the 2016 victory of Donald Trump, or the Depression in 1929, or the birth and death of Maimonides, or the story of Chanukah, or the Crusades, by highlighting in a particular section a few words, for example, read backward, spelling out the year, name, and location of a particular event.

This explains how the Torah could have preceded the creation of the world, as the sages teach.[11] This seems impossible because most of the Torah is comprised of stories that occurred after creation! How can you write about the Tree of Knowledge, or the Exodus of Egypt, when the Jews were not even there yet? Yet, it all depends which dimension of Torah you are addressing. The esoteric dimension of Torah was present pre-creation of the universe. The revealed and organized text of the Torah took shape as Moses formatted its readable and logical text structure, with the words, verses, and sections familiar to us today.

That is, says the Baal Shem Tov, the entire Torah besides the last 8 verses! In those verses, “G-d said them and Moses wrote them in a mixed up (bedama) fashion.” These final verses were given to him in the pre-creation format. They retained their pristine esoteric jumble. He wrote them down, but they did not read the way we read them now: “And Moses died…”

Thus, the two opinions in the Talmud are not arguing. Moses did indeed write the final eight verses, yet these verses he wrote in the “esoteric” realm—in which the words did not have their present configuration. He wrote them “bedama,” in their indecipherable format.[12] The text was the same, but the letters were mixed up. It fell to Joshua to form the actual words that described his master’s death for all the subsequent generations to read.

The Final Gift

Why did Moses weep when he wrote those final verses? Were they tears of gratitude, or of longing? Tears of regret, or joy? Was he overcome by anguish at the prospect of his own demise and him being denied entering the Promised Land? Was it due to his fears of what might become of his people? Was it the feeling of impotence in the face of frightful mortality? Or, maybe, it was the pain he felt saying goodbye to his beloved people? Writing these words, made his departure concrete, and the great lover of Israel, the faithful shepherd of Israel, the man who turned them into a people, and led them through the wilderness, could not stop the flow of tears when it was time to say goodbye?

Or maybe it was all of this, coupled with the overwhelming feeling of the magnitude of the moment. He lived for 120 years; now his soul was about to depart. How do you put that into words? Tears capture the depth of such moments far more than any words can.

Chapters Written in Tears

Is this not true for each of our lives? The Baal Shem Tov said that the Jewish people is a living Sefer Torah, and every Jew is one of its letters. Each of us adds another chapter to the sacred Scroll of Jewish history. Some of our chapters are written in ink; but others are written with tears. There are chapters in everyone's lives which are written with tears— tears of sorrow, tears of gladness, tears of awe, tears of gratitude, tears of ecstasy, and tears of facing the ultimate mystery of life.

A day before Simchas Torah we say Yizkor. How do you describe your bond with your mother? Your father? Your grandparents? Your siblings? Your aunts and uncles? Your best friends? Or, heaven forbid, your departed child? How do you describe the void their death imprinted in your heart and the longing? How do you recall their final moments here on earth, when they gave you that last gaze? How do you describe the moment you watched the earth swallow up the person you loved so dearly?

Moses taught us—and this the last lecture he imparted to his people—that some verses in our lives, must be written not with ink, but with tears. They may be the only language to capture the magnitude, enormity, and mystery of the experience. At such moments, we need not explanations or solutions, just to be able to cry and know that someone who cares is listening.[13]

What would it be like to name those moments in our lives which are washed with tears not as something to be hidden away or avoided, but as luminous connections with the undercurrent of spirit which enlivens all things? What scripture might we write if we allowed ourselves access to the invisible ink of our cracked-open hearts?

The Indecipherable Life Chapters

Moses left us with one more message of “Bedama.” To the Baal Shem Tov and Vilna Gaon who see in these final verses a history of cryptic confusion, Moshe's final lesson is about the radical instability of our own scroll of life. What made sense in one constellation of words or circumstances might give way to an entire new interpretation years or decades later. The letters can dance and play and move. And we must insist that they continue to do so.

Do we ever really understand our lives? Some chapters seem clear, while others are wrapped and warped in confusion, uncertainty, mystery, and questions. We view certain parts of our life and we can’t figure out how could this happen? Why did this happen? What is the meaning of these events?

But the truth is, even these experiences and events, have their own mysterious and esoteric format, even when their meaning remains unintelligible. Just because the “text” of your life seems so confusing and full of mumbo-jumbo does not mean it does not have its own mystical rhythm, transcending your present understanding. The scroll of life, like the scroll of G-d, needs to be decoded, and suddenly a whole new meaning is revealed.

Chazak!

Perhaps, this is why, as we conclude the final eight verses of the Torah, we dance exuberantly. Moses taught us how to cry with G-d, and with ourselves, and when we know how to cry, and that the Creator and the universe are not deaf to our tears, we also know how to dance.

Moses remains a teacher until the very end, showing us the power of tears, and the dynamic nature of the text of Torah and the text of life. From this ending that is not an ending, we may now return to the beginning of the Torah to start all over again.

Chazak chazak ve'nizchazeck.
 

[1] בבא בתרא טו, א; מנחות ל, א: דתניא (לד, ה) וימת שם משה עבד ה', אפשר משה חי[1], וכתב וימת שם משה? אלא עד כאן כתב משה, מכאן ואילך כתב יהושע, דברי רבי יהודה, ואמרי לה ר' נחמיה. אמר לו רבי שמעון, אפשר ס"ת חסר אות אחת? וכתיב (לא, כו) לקוח את ספר התורה הזה! אלא עד כאן הקב"ה אומר ומשה אומר וכותב, מכאן ואילך הקב"ה אומר ומשה כותב בדמע.

[2] Bava Basra 15a. See Mahdura Basra of Maharsha for an incredible explanation to a verse in Psalms based on this, and a source for a Talmudic statement about weeping for a good person who passes way.

[3] Some of the commentators add that this answers the question of Tosefos (Menachos 30a) how could Moses write these verses on the day of his passing, which was Shabbos? But writing letters with liquids, which do not last, is certainly not forbidden biblically. The Rabbinic prohibitions came much later.

[4] According to this, the Mahrsha also explains why in these verses Moses did not repeat what G-d dictated, as he did with the rest of the Torah. Moses did not verbalize the words, so as not to articulate verbally that which did not occur yet. In other words, two changes were made with these final verses: Moses did not verbalize them, nor did he transcribe them in the ordinary way with ink on parchment.

[5] Gur Aryeh on these verses.

[6] Baal Shem Tov Al HaTorah Parshas Beracha

[7] Kol Eliyahu on the verse.

[8] This would explain why the Talmud writes “bedama” rather than “bedmaos.”

[9] בעש"ט על התורה פ' ברכה: אמרו רבותינו ז"ל (ב"ב די"ד ע"א) ששמונה פסוקים שבתורה משה כתבן בדמע, שמעתי בזה בשם הרב הגדול מוהר"י בעל שם טוב ז"ל שהכוונה בדמע לשון עירוב, כידוע מלשון הגמרא (גיטין דנ"ב ע"ב) המדמע, והיינו מה שהיה בזה צירופים אחרים, כי אין התורה הקדושה חסרה אות אחד, רק שבחייו היו צירופים אחרים וכו':

בעש"ט על התורה פ' ברכה: וימת שם משה עבד ה' וגו'. ופירש רש"י אפשר משה מת וכו' עד ומשה כותב בדמע (ב"ב די"ד ע"א), הנה לכאורה מאמרי קודש אלו אין להם שחר, כי הנה רש"י ז"ל מקשה בפשיטות אפשר משה מת וכו', כי אי אפשר לומר שמשה היה חי בשעה שכתב וימת שם משה, כי זה וודאי אי אפשר לומר שהיה חי וכתב וימת, נמצא על כרחין מוכרח לומר שהיה מת ונמצא מקשה רש"י ז"ל שפיר אפשר משה מת וכתב וכו', ואם כן קשה מאי מתרץ רש"י משה היה כותב בדמע, וכי משום שכתב בדמע ניחא, הלא הקושיא במקומה עומדת האיך כתב וימת משה ועדיין היה חי.

אמנם כן הוא, כי הנה לכאורה יפלא בעיני כל, הלא התורה קדמה אלפים שנה קודם שנברא העולם (מדרש רבה בראשית פ"ח סי' ב') ואם כן קשה האיך נכתבו אז בהתורה כל הסיפורים הקדושים מעניני בריאת העולם, ומעניני אדם וחוה ונח ואבות הקדושים, ושאר דברים מן בראשית עד לעיני כל ישראל, הלא עדיין לא נתהוו אז אלו הדברים, וביותר קשה הלא המיתה באה לעולם בשביל חטא אדם הראשון, ואם לא היה אדם הראשון חוטא לא היה מיתה בעולם, וזה ידוע שהבחירה ניתנה לאדם, ואם כן האיך נכתבו בתורה מאז ומקדם עניני מיתה כגון וימת פלוני, או אדם כי ימות באוהל והלא עדיין לא חטא אדם הראשון, ואף שהכל צפוי מכל מקום הרשות נתונה עיין ברמב"ם ז"ל ובתוספות יום טוב (במס' אבות פרק ג') והבן שם:

אמנם האמת כן הוא, כי התורה הקדושה בבריאתה נבראה רק בתערובות אותיות, היינו אלו האותיות שישנן בתורתנו הקדושה מן בראשית עד לעיני כל ישראל לא היו נצרפים אז בצירופי תיבות כמו שאנו רואים היום כמו בראשית ברא או לך לך מארצך וכיוצא, רק האמת הוא שכל אלו התיבות מתורתנו הקדושה היו מעורבין בתערובות, ובכל עת וזמן שנתהווה איזה ענין בעולם, אז נצטרפו אלו האותיות ונתהווה צירופי תיבות ונתהווה סיפור זה הענין, כגון כשנתהווה בריאת העולם וענין אדם וחוה, אז נתקרבו האותיות זה לזה ונתהוו אלו התיבות המספרים הענין הזה, וכן כאשר מת פלוני או פלוני אזי נעשו צירופי תיבות וימת פלוני, וכן הוא בשאר הדברים, שבשעת התהוות המעשה, מיד נעשה בהתורה צירופי תיבות מהאותיות כפי זו המעשה, ואם היה נתהווה מעשה אחרת אזי היו מתהווים צירופים אחרים באופן אחר, כי התורה הקדושה הוא חכמת השם יתברך ואין לה סוף, והבן:

נמצא כמו כן כאשר הגיע עת מיתת משה, ואז כבר היתה התורה כולה בצירופי תיבות מן בראשית עד וימת שם משה, כי בעת הזאת, כל המעשים הללו כבר נתהוו, רק מן וימת שם משה עד לעיני כל ישראל עדיין לא נצטרפו האותיות בתיבות, כי עדיין היה משה חי, רק מחמת שמוכרח היה שמשה יכתוב גם מן וימת שם משה עד לעיני כל ישראל מטעם שנאמר (בפ' וילך) לקוח את ספר התורה, והיתה צריכה להיות שלימה, וגם מטעם שנקראת על שמו כמו שכתוב (מלאכי ג') זכרו תורת משה עבדי, על כן מה עשה השם יתברך, היה אומר למשה האותיות שנשארו מן וימת שם משה עד לעיני כל ישראל כמו שהיו מעורבין עדיין בלא צירופי תיבות, ומשה היה כותבם כך, ואחר כך כשמת משה מיד נצטרפו אלו האותיות, ונעשו התיבות מן וימת שם משה עד לעיני כל ישראל, ונמצא שכל התורה כתבה משה, ושפיר נאמר לקוח את ספר התורה ושפיר נקראת על שמו, כי באמת הוא כתבה בשלימות מן בראשית עד לעיני כל ישראל:

וזהו שכתב רש"י ז"ל, הקדוש ברוך הוא אומר למשה, התורה מן וימת שם משה עד לעיני כל ישראל, ומשה היה כותב, אמנם כדי שלא תקשה קושיא הנ"ל האיך היה כותב וימת הלא עדיין היה חי, על זה מפרש והולך שהיה כותב בדמע, ודמע הוא לשון תערובות כידוע, כמו (בגיטין דנ"ב ע"ב) המדמע, או תרומה מדמעת, וכיוצא בהן בש"ס הרבה, והיינו שהקדוש ברוך הוא אמר לו למשה התורה אות באות, כפי שהיתה מעורבת, והוא כמו כן היה כותבה אות באות בתערובות, ואחר מיתתו נתהוו הצירופי תיבות מן וימת שם משה עד לעיני כל ישראל, ושפיר נאמר לקוח את ספר התורה ושפיר נקראת תורת משה, והבן:

קול אליהו להגר"א פ' וזאת הברכה: אמנם יש לפרש כי שניהם דברי אלקים חיים ומר אמר חדא וכו' ולא פליגו, כי לכאורה קשה בדברי הגמרא מה מקשי על ח' פסוקים אחרונים שבתורה היאך נכתבו אם משה היה עדיין חי, הלא כל התורה כולה היתה נכתבת אלפים שנה קודם בריאת העולם, אם כן לא היה עדיין השמים והארץ וכל אשר בה, ודור המבול ודור הפלגה ויציאת מצרים ודומיהם, ואיך נכתבו בתורה קודם שהיו בעולם. אמנם זאת ידוע כי כל התורה הוא שמותיו של הקב"ה והיינו על ידי צירופים של אותיות ותיבות, ולפני בריאת עולם היתה התורה אמון אצל הקב"ה על פי צירופים וסודות נעלמים, ולא היתה נקראת כמו עתה רק על פי שמותיו של הקב"ה, ואחר שברא השי"ת את העולם ונתן את התורה לישראל וסיבבם במצוות הצריכין לעשות בגבולי מקום וזמן, כתב את התורה באר היטב איך לעשות כל המצוות, וחלק כל התורה לתיבות ואותיות לגלות ולפרש את כל דברי התורה הזאת, וסודות התורה על פי צירופים ניתנו ליודעי חן, מה שאין מודיעים אלא לחכם ומבין מדעתו. ועתה מתורץ דברי הגמרא הנזכרת לעיל כי כוונת ר' שמעון איך אפשר להיות ספר תורה חסר אפילו אות אחת וגם שלא להיות כשקר ח"ו, לכך הוא אומר עד כאן הקב"ה אומר ומשה אומר וכותב, רוצה לומר שאמר משה כל תיבה ותיבה כאשר היא כתובה בידינו בגילוי המצוות, אבל מכאן ואילך לא היה יכול לכתוב בגילוי "וימת שם משה" דמיחזי כשיקרא, וגם לא היה יכול לגמור על ידי יהושע, כי אפשר ספר תורה חסר אות אחת, לכך הוא אומר שהיה כותב בדמע, והפירוש הוא מלשון "מלאתך ודמעך", רוצה לומר מדומע וערבוב אותיות, שהיה כותב מכאן ואילך על פי צירופי תיבות והם שמותיו של הקב"ה ולא היה נקרא כלל "וימת שם משה", רק תיבות אחרות על פי סודות התורה, ולאחר מיתתו כתבם יהושע כפי שניתן לו רשות לגלות את התורה, ואם כן השני הדיעות לא פליגי, כי באמת כתבן משה ולא חסר אפילו אות אחת, רק כי ח' פסוקים אלו לא היה יכול לכתוב את הנגלה וכתב כפי הצירופים וזהו "בדמע" ויהושע כתבן כפי הנגלה וכדעת ר' יהודה, ושניהם מסכימים לדעה אחת כי נכתבו על ידי שניהם, על ידי משה הנסתר והסוד, ועל ידי יהושע הנגלה, כאשר היא כתובה בידינו לדור דור.

[10] The Rogtachover Gaon once said, that the entire word from the Beit of Bereishis till the Lamed of Yisroel at the end, really constitutes one word. (Sichas Simchas Torah 5724).

[11] See Tanchuma Vayeishev. Shabbos 86b

[12] It makes sense that it was Reb Shimon who said this: He was the author of the Zohar, the master of the esoteric Torah.

[13] Rabbi Akiva, says the Zohar, would weep when learning the Song of Songs. I recall how the Rebbe would so often speak of a deep emotion or insight, and break down weeping. 

Here is where the two interpretations of “Bedema” converge. Moses could have written the whole Torah with his tears, but then it would be too luminous for us to read. That belongs to the esoteric text of Torah. But with these last 8 verses, the tears remained. Moses gave us the deeper light, the infinite light expressed in tears.

Please leave your comment below!

  • EA

    Esther Ackerman -3 years ago

    Thank You!!! WOW 

    Rabbi Jacobson!!!

    A lot of chapters in our lives r written with tears. 

    Reply to this comment.Flag this comment.

  • Anonymous -3 years ago

    Wow that is so so beautiful and powereful! Thank you Rabbi Jacobson!

    Reply to this comment.Flag this comment.

Essay Yizkor/Simchas Torah/Beracha

Rabbi YY Jacobson
  • October 8, 2020
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  • 20 Tishrei 5781
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  • 1894 views
  • Comment

Dedicated by Sammy and Laurie Friedland, in loving memory of Rivka bas Binyamin Mendel and Chaim Meir ben Shlomo Zalman Friedland

Class Summary:

It is a fundamental and fascinating question. Who wrote the final right verses of the Torah, the ones we will read on Simchas Torah? Our tradition maintains that Moses wrote the Torah. But its last verses describe his death and burial?!


The Talmud asks the question: How can a living Moses write the words “and Moses died there”? Rabbi Yehudah or Rabbi Nechemya say, that the last eight verses, written after Moses’ death, were written by his disciple and successor, Joshua. Rabbi Shimon disagreed. The entire Torah was written by Moses, as the Torah itself makes clear. “What happened was that up to this point G-d dictated and Moses repeated each word and wrote it down; from this point and on, the final 8 verses, God dictated, and Moses wrote with tears." According to this haunting interpretation, ever the teacher and ever the leader, Moses performed one last heartbreaking mission before his death. He recorded his own end.

But how does this answer the question? If Moses was alive, how can he write the words “and Moses died?”

One of the most moving interpretations comes from the Yad Rameh, the Ritva and the Maharsha. The Talmud does not mean that Moses wrote these verses while he was crying; it means that he wrote them with tears, instead of ink. The entire Torah was written with ink on parchment; the final eight verses were transcribed not with ink, but with tears, with Moses’ tears. 

The essay explores three different explanations, from the Maharsha, the Maharal of Prague, and the Baal Shem Tov and Vilna Gaon, and the lessons to each of us as we write our own chapters in the scroll of Jewish history, and we we recall the final chapters of our loved ones, during Yizkor.

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